Computer And It: 2016

Css Color

Colors in CSS are most often specified by:

a valid color name - like "red"
an RGB value - like "rgb(255, 0, 0)"
a HEX value - like "#ff0000"

Note: Color names are case-insensitive: "Red" is the same as "red" or "RED".

RGB (Red, Green, Blue)

RGB color values can be specified using this formula: rgb(red, green, blue).

Each parameter (red, green, blue) defines the intensity of the color between 0 and 255.

For example, rgb(255,0,0) is displayed as red, because red is set to its highest value (255) and the others are set to 0. Experiment by mixing the RGB values

Hexadecimal Colors

RGB values can also be specified using hexadecimal color values in the form: #RRGGBB, where RR (red), GG (green) and BB (blue) are hexadecimal values between 00 and FF

(same as decimal 0-255).

For example, #FF0000 is displayed as red, because red is set to its highest value (FF) and the others are set to the lowest value (00).

Note: HEX values are case-insensitive: "#ff0000" is the same as "FF0000".

CSS Syntax

A CSS rule-set consists of a selector and a declaration block:

The selector points to the HTML element you want to style.

The declaration block contains one or more declarations separated by semicolons.

Each declaration includes a CSS property name and a value, separated by a colon.

A CSS declaration always ends with a semicolon, and declaration blocks are surrounded by curly braces.

In the following example all <p> elements will be center-aligned, with a red text color:Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
p {
color: red;
text-align: center;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<p>Hello World!</p>
<p>These paragraphs are styled with CSS.</p>

</body>
</html>

CSS Selectors

CSS selectors are used to "find" (or select) HTML elements based on their element name, id, class, attribute, and more.

The element Selector

The element selector selects elements based on the element name.

You can select all <p> elements on a page like this (in this case, all <p> elements will be center-aligned, with a red text color):

The id Selector

The id selector uses the id attribute of an HTML element to select a specific element.

The id of an element should be unique within a page, so the id selector is used to select one unique element!

To select an element with a specific id, write a hash (#) character, followed by the id of the element.

The style rule below will be applied to the HTML element with id="para1":

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

#para1 {

text-align: center;

color: red;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<p id="para1">Hello World!</p>

<p>This paragraph is not affected by the style.</p>

</body>

</html>

The class Selector

The class selector selects elements with a specific class attribute.

To select elements with a specific class, write a period (.) character, followed by the name of the class.

In the example below, all HTML elements with class="center" will be red and center-aligned: Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

.center {

text-align: center;

color: red;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h1 class="center">Red and center-aligned heading</h1>

<p class="center">Red and center-aligned paragraph.</p>

</body>

</html>

The HTML <script> Tag

The <script> tag is used to define a client-side script (JavaScript).

The <script> element either contains scripting statements, or it points to an external script file through the src attribute.

Common uses for JavaScript are image manipulation, form validation, and dynamic changes of content.

To select an HTML element, JavaScript very often use the document.getElementById(id) method.

This JavaScript example writes "Hello JavaScript!" into an HTML element with id="demo":Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "Hello JavaScript!";

</script>

</body>

</html>

The HTML <noscript> Tag

The <noscript> tag is used to provide an alternate content for users that have disabled scripts in their browser or have a browser that doesn't support client-side scripts:Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "Hello JavaScript!";

</script>

<p>A browser without support for JavaScript will show the text written inside the noscript element.</p>

</body>

</html>

Also Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

function light(sw) {

var pic;

if (sw == 0) {

pic = "pic_bulboff.gif"

} else {

pic = "pic_bulbon.gif"

}

document.getElementById('myImage').src = pic;

}

</script>

<p>

<button type="button" onclick="light(1)">Light On</button>

<button type="button" onclick="light(0)">Light Off</button>

</p>

</body>

</html>

Styling HTML with CSS

CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets.

CSS describes how HTML elements are to be displayed on screen, paper, or in other media.

CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout of multiple web pages all at once.

CSS can be added to HTML elements in 3 ways:

Inline - by using the style attribute in HTML elements
Internal - by using a <style> element in the <head> section
External - by using an external CSS file

The most common way to add CSS, is to keep the styles in separate CSS files. However, here we will use inline and internal styling, because this is easier to demonstrate, and easier for you to try it yourself.

Inline CSS

An inline CSS is used to apply a unique style to a single HTML element.

An inline CSS uses the style attribute of an HTML element.

This example sets the text color of the <h1> element to blue.Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

<h1 style="color:blue;">This is a Blue Heading</h1>

</body>

</html>

Internal CSS

An internal CSS is used to define a style for a single HTML page.

An internal CSS is defined in the <head> section of an HTML page, within a <style> element:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

body {background-color: powderblue;}

h1 {color: blue;}

p {color: red;}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h1>This is a heading</h1>

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>

</html>

External CSS

An external style sheet is used to define the style for many HTML pages.

With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire web site, by changing one file!

To use an external style sheet, add a link to it in the <head> section of the HTML page:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<h1>This is a heading</h1>

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>

</html>

CREATING FORM

Form use to creating text , number ,email and password boxes in html page.

For creating boxes we use input tag .

Input tag is also use creating buttons in page of website.

Attribute of input tags

Type="Text" For using text box.
Type="Password" For using password box.
Type="Email" For using Email box.
Type="Radio" For using radio buttons.
Type="submit" For using submit buttons.

Spacial Attribute

Placeholder is very spacial attribute.

FOR Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

First name:<br>

<br>

Last name:<br>

</form>

</body>

</html>

HTML Table

An HTML table is defined with the <table> tag.The table attributes are height , width and border .

Each table row is defined with the <tr> tag. A table header is defined with the <th> tag. By default, table headings are bold and centered. A table data/cell is defined with the <td> tag.

<tr> mean table rows

<th> mean table heading

<td> mean table coloum

List

There are two types of list. Explain following:

Ordered HTML List

An unordered list starts with the <ol> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.

The list items will be marked with numbers (1,2,3) by default.Example:

we also change list type for example:

Unordered HTML List

An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.

The list items will be marked with bullets (small black circles) by default.Example:

we also change list type for example:

Formatting Elements

Formatting elements were designed to display special types of text:

<b> - Bold text
<strong> - Important text
<i> - Italic text
<em> - Emphasized text
<mark> - Marked text
<small> - Small text
<del> - Deleted text
<ins> - Inserted text
<sub> - Subscript text
<sup> - Superscript text

These are simple uses in HTML.

HTML text TAGS

HTML TAGS EXAMPLES

Heading tags
Heading tags is use for creating heading in pages. There are six heading tags. For example.
<H1> Head 1 </H1>
<H2> Head 1 </H2>
<H3> Head 1 </H3>
<H4> Head 1 </H4>
<H5> Head 1 </H5>
<H6> Head 1 </H6>

2. Paragrah

Paragraph tag is use for writing paragraph.

For example.

<p> There is a paragraph </p>

3. Link tag

Link tag use for link one page to another page. In link tag we use a attribute (href). For example.

<a href="http://www.google.com"> Google </a>

4. Image tag

Image tag is use for show image in web page. In image tag we us attribute of src. For image tag we know the name and extantion of image.img tag we also use height and width attributes. For example.

<img src="Google.png" height="100" width="100

HTML TAGS:

For learning HTML following heading very important because these are basic information of HTML. Therefore read carefully and understand every part of this chapter.......

HTML TAGS:

Tags contain elements which provide instructions for how information will be processed or displayed. There are both starter tags <TAG> and end tags </TAGS>

Element:

element

elements

Elements

Example: the <HR> tag contains the Horizontal Ruler element. It is an empty element in that it has no attribute.

Attribute:

Example: <IMG SRC="image.gif"> means that the element IMG has an attribute SRC, which specifies the name of the image file, which is assigned the value "image.gif".

Delimiters: <, >, /

Delimiters surround the tag and inform the parser that it should read the enclosed information as an HTML element.

HTML Structure

HTML is a structured hierarchical language that requires you to follow its rules if you wish your documents to appear correctly. For example, certain elements and tags are required to fit within other elements and tags and will not work unless they are properly placed.

Website Design

Web design encompasses many different skills and disciplines in the production and maintenance of websites. The different areas of web design include web graphic design; interface design; authoring, including standardised code and proprietary software; user experience design; and search engine optimization. Often many individuals will work in teams covering different aspects of the design process, although some designers will cover them all. The term web design is normally used to describe the design process relating to the front-end (client side) design of a website including writing mark up. Web design partially overlaps web engineering in the broader scope of web development. Web designers are expected to have an awareness of usability and if their role involves creating mark up then they are also expected to be up to date with web accessibility guidelines.

In 1989, whilst working at CERN Tim Berners-Lee proposed to create a global hypertext project, which later became known as the World Wide Web. During 1991 to 1993 the World Wide Web was born. Text-only pages could be viewed using a simple line-mode browser. In 1993 Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina, created the Mosaic browser. At the time there were multiple browsers, however the majority of them were Unix-based and naturally text heavy. There had been no integrated approach to graphic design elements such as images or sounds. The Mosaic browser broke this mould. The W3C was created in October 1994 to "lead the World Wide Web to its full potential by developing common protocols that promote its evolution and ensure its interoperability." This discouraged any one company from monopolizing a propriety browser and programming language, which could have altered the effect of the World Wide Web as a whole. The W3C continues to set standards, which can today be seen with JavaScript. In 1994 Andreessen formed Communications Corp. that later became known as Netscape Communications, the Netscape 0.9 browser. Netscape created its own HTML tags without regard to the traditional standards process. For example, Netscape 1.1 included tags for changing background colours and formatting text with tables on web pages. Throughout 1996 to 1999 the browser wars began, as Microsoft and Netscape fought for ultimate browser dominance. During this time there were many new technologies in the field, notably Cascading Style Sheets, JavaScript, and Dynamic HTML. On the whole, the browser competition did lead to many positive creations and helped web design evolve at a rapid pace

WEB Development

Web development is a broad term for the work involved in developing a web site for the Internet (World Wide Web) or an intranet (a private network). Web development can range from developing the simplest static single page of plain text to the most complex web-based internet applications, electronic businesses, and social network services. A more comprehensive list of tasks to which web development commonly refers, may include web engineering, web design, web content development, client liaison, client-side/server-side scripting, web server and network security configuration, and e-commerce development. Among web professionals, "web development" usually refers to the main non-design aspects of building web sites: writing markup and coding. Most recently Web development has come to mean the creation of content management systems or CMS. These CMS can be made from scratch, proprietary or open source. In broad terms the CMS acts as middleware between the database and the user through the browser. A principle benefit of a CMS is that it allows non-technical people to make changes to their web site without having technical knowledge.

For larger organizations and businesses, web development teams can consist of hundreds of people (web developers) and follow standard methods like Agile methodologies while developing websites. Smaller organizations may only require a single permanent or contracting developer, or secondary assignment to related job positions such as a graphic designer and/or information systems technician. Web development may be a collaborative effort between departments rather than the domain of a designated department. There are 3 kind of web developer specialization; Front-End Developer, Back-End Developer, and Full Stack Developer.

wordpress

WORDPRESS

WordPress is a free and open-source content management system (CMS) based on PHP and MySQL. WordPress is installed on a web server

, which either is part of an Internet hosting service or is a network host itself; the first case may be on a service like WordPress.com, for example, and the second case is a computer running the software package WordPress.org. An example of the second case is a local computer configured to act as its own web server hosting WordPress for single-user testing or learning purposes. Features include a plugin architecture and a template system. WordPress was used by more than 26.4% of the top 10 million websites as of April 2016. WordPress is reportedly the easiest and most popular website management or blogging system in use on the Web, supporting more than 60 million websites.

It was released on May 27, 2003, by its founders, Matt Mullenweg and Mike Little, as a fork of b2/cafelog. WordPress is released under the GPLv2 (or later) license from the Free Software Foundation.

php

PHP

PHP is a server-side scripting language designed primarily for web development but also used as a general-purpose programming language. Originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994, the PHP reference implementation is now produced by The PHP Development Team. PHP originally stood for Personal Home Page, but it now stands for the recursive acronym PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor.

PHP code may be embedded into HTML code, or it can be used in combination with various web template systems, web content management systems and web frameworks. PHP code is usually processed by a PHP interpreter implemented as a module in the web server or as a Common Gateway Interface (CGI) executable. The web server combines the results of the interpreted and executed PHP code, which may be any type of data, including images, with the generated web page. PHP code may also be executed with a command-line interface (CLI) and can be used to implement standalone graphical applications.

The standard PHP interpreter, powered by the Zend Engine, is free software released under the PHP License. PHP has been widely ported and can be deployed on most web servers on almost every operating system and platform, free of charge.

The PHP language evolved without a written formal specification or standard until 2014, leaving the canonical PHP interpreter as a de facto standard. Since 2014 work has gone on to create a formal PHP specification.

During the 2010s there have been increased efforts towards standardisation and code sharing in PHP applications by projects such as PHP-FIG in the form of PSR-initiatives as well as Composer dependency manager and the Packagist repository.

jquery

JQUERY

jQuery is a cross-platform JavaScript library designed to simplify the client-side scripting of HTML. jQuery is the most popular JavaScript library in use today, with installation on 65% of the top 10 million highest-trafficked sites on the Web. jQuery is free, open-source software licensed under the MIT License.

jQuery's syntax is designed to make it easier to navigate a document, select DOM elements, create animations, handle events, and develop Ajax applications. jQuery also provides capabilities for developers to create plug-ins on top of the JavaScript library. This enables developers to create abstractions for low-level interaction and animation, advanced effects and high-level, themeable widgets. The modular approach to the jQuery library allows the creation of powerful dynamic web pages and Web applications.

The set of jQuery core features—DOM element selections, traversal and manipulation—enabled by its selector engine(named "Sizzle" from v1.3), created a new "programming style", fusing algorithms and DOM data structures. This style influenced the architecture of other JavaScript frameworks like YUI v3 and Dojo, later stimulating the creation of the standard Selectors API.

Microsoft and Nokia bundle jQuery on their platforms. Microsoft includes it with Visual Studio for use within Microsoft's ASP.NET AJAX and ASP.NET MVC frameworks while Nokia has integrated it into the Web Run-Time widget development platform. jQuery has also been used in MediaWiki since version 1.16.

CSS(Cascading Style Sheets)

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a document written in a markup language. Although most often used to set the visual style of web pages and user interfaces written in HTML and XHTML, the language can be applied to any XML document, including plain XML, SVG and XUL, and is applicable to rendering in speech, or on other media. Along with HTML and JavaScript, CSS is a cornerstone technology used by most websites to create visually engaging webpages, user interfaces for web applications, and user interfaces for many mobile applications.

CSS is designed primarily to enable the separation of document content from document presentation, including aspects such as the layout, colors, and fonts. This separation can improve content accessibility, provide more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation characteristics, enable multiple HTML pages to share formatting by specifying the relevant CSS in a separate .css file, and reduce complexity and repetition in the structural content.

Separation of formatting and content makes it possible to present the same markup page in different styles for different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (via speech-based browser or screen reader), and on Braille-based tactile devices. It can also display the web page differently depending on the screen size or viewing device. Readers can also specify a different style sheet, such as a CSS file stored on their own computer, to override the one the author specified.

Changes to the graphic design of a document (or hundreds of documents) can be applied quickly and easily, by editing a few lines in the CSS file they use, rather than by changing markup in the documents.

The CSS specification describes a priority scheme to determine which style rules apply if more than one rule matches against a particular element. In this so-called cascade, priorities (or weights) are calculated and assigned to rules, so that the results are predictable.

The CSS specifications are maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Internet media type (MIME type) text/css is registered for use with CSS by (March 1998). The W3C operates a free CSS validation service for CSS documents,

HTML(Hyper Text Markup Language)

Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup language for creating web pages and web applications. With Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), and JavaScript, it forms a triad of cornerstone technologies for the World Wide Web. Web browsers receive HTML documents from a web server or from local storage and render them into multimedia web pages. HTML describes the structure of a web page semantically and originally included cues for the appearance of the document.

HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages. With HTML constructs, images and other objects, such as interactive forms may be embedded into the rendered page. It provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. HTML elements are delineated by tags, written using angle brackets. Tags such as <img /> and <input /> introduce content into the page directly. Others such as <p>...</p> surround and provide information about document text and may include other tags as sub-elements. Browsers do not display the HTML tags, but use them to interpret the content of the page.

HTML can embed programs written in a scripting language such as JavaScript which affect the behavior and content of web pages. Inclusion of CSS defines the look and layout of content. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), maintainer of both the HTML and the CSS standards, has encouraged the use of CSS over explicit presentation HTML since 1997

Some tags of HTML.

<H1> For Heading </H1>
<A> For LINK </A>
<IMG> IMAGES
<P> PARAGRAPH </P>
<INPUT> TEXT BOX
<BR> LINE BREAK </BR>

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

A programming language is a formal computer language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs to control the behavior of a machine or to express algorithms.

The earliest known programmable machine preceded the invention of the digital computer and is the automatic flute player described in the 9th century by the brothers Musa in Baghdad, "during the Islamic Golden Age". From the early 1800s, "programs" were used to direct the behavior of machines such as Jacquard looms and player pianos. Thousands of different programming languages have been created, mainly in the computer field, and many more still are being created every year. Many programming languages require computation to be specified in an imperative form (i.e., as a sequence of operations to perform), while other languages use other forms of program specification such as the declarative form (i.e. the desired result is specified, not how to achieve it).The description of a programming language is usually split into the two components of syntax (form) and semantics (meaning). Some languages are defined by a specification document (for example, the C programming language is specified by an ISO Standard), while other languages (such as Perl) have a dominant implementation that is treated as a reference. Some languages have both, with the basic language defined by a standard and extensions taken from the dominant implementation being common.

Java. Java is considered as the perfect language for the developers and programmers to learn. ...
PHP. ...
JavaScript. ...
Python. ...
Objective-C. ...
Ruby. ...
Perl. ...
C, C++ and C#

Css Color

RGB (Red, Green, Blue)

Hexadecimal Colors

CSS Syntax

CSS Selectors

The element Selector

The id Selector

The class Selector

The HTML <script> Tag

The HTML <noscript> Tag

Styling HTML with CSS

Inline CSS

Internal CSS

External CSS

CREATING FORM

Attribute of input tags

Spacial Attribute

HTML Table

List

Ordered HTML List

Unordered HTML List

Formatting Elements

HTML TAGS EXAMPLES

Heading tags Heading tags is use for creating heading in pages. There are six heading tags. For example.<H1> Head 1 </H1><H2> Head 1 </H2><H3> Head 1 </H3><H4> Head 1 </H4><H5> Head 1 </H5><H6> Head 1 </H6>

2. Paragrah

3. Link tag

4. Image tag

For learning HTML following heading very important because these are basic information of HTML. Therefore read carefully and understand every part of this chapter.......

HTML TAGS:

Element:

Attribute:

Delimiters: <, >, /

HTML Structure

Website Design

WEB Development

WORDPRESS

PHP

JQUERY

CSS(Cascading Style Sheets)

HTML(Hyper Text Markup Language)

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

Heading tags
Heading tags is use for creating heading in pages. There are six heading tags. For example.
<H1> Head 1 </H1>
<H2> Head 1 </H2>
<H3> Head 1 </H3>
<H4> Head 1 </H4>
<H5> Head 1 </H5>
<H6> Head 1 </H6>