COMPUTER SOFTWARE

COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Computer software, or simply software, is that part of a computer system that consists of encoded information or computer instructions, in contrast to the physical hardware from which the system is built.

The term "software" was first proposed by Alan Turing and used in this sense by John W. Tukey in 1957. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all information processed by computer systems, programs and data.

Computer software includes computer programs, libraries and related non-executable data, such as online documentation or digital media. Computer hardware and software require each other and

neither can be realistically used on its own.

At the lowest level, executable code consists of machine language instructions specific to an individual processor—typically a central processing unit (CPU). A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions that change the state of the computer from its preceding state. For example, an instruction may change the value stored in a particular storage location in the computer—an effect that is not directly observable to the user. An instruction may also (indirectly) cause something to appear on a display of the computer system—a state change which should be visible to the user. The processor carries out the instructions in the order they are provided, unless it is instructed to "jump" to a different instruction, or is interrupted.

The majority of software is written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for programmers, meaning closer to a natural language. High-level languages are translated into machine language using a compiler or an interpreter or a combination of the two. Software may also be written in a low-level assembly language, essentially, a vaguely mnemonic representation of a machine language using a natural language alphabet, which is translated into machine language using an assembler.

Disadvantages of internet

Disadvantages of internet

1. There is a lot of wrong information on the internet. Anyone can post anything, and much of it is garbage. 
2.  There are predators that hang out on the internet waiting to get unsuspecting people in dangerous situations. 
3.  Some people are getting addicted to the internet and thus causing problems with their interactions of friends and loved ones. 
4.  Pornography that can get in the hands of young children too easily. 
5.  Easy to waste a lot of time on the internet. You can start surfing, and then realize far more time has passed than you realized. Internet and television together of added to the more sedentary lifestyles of people which further exacerbates the obesity problem. 
6. 
   
7.  Internet has a lot of "cheater" sites. People can buy essays and pass them off as their own far more easily than they used to be able to do. 
8.  There are a lot of unscrupulous businesses that have sprung up on the internet to take advantage of people. 
9.  Hackers can create viruses that can get into your personal computer and ruin valuable data. 
10.  Hackers can use the internet for identity theft. 
11.  It can be quite depressing to be on the internet and realize just how uneducated so many people have become in today's society.

Mouse and Keyboard

Mouse

   Mouse is the item of computer hardware. For the pointer it controls, see Pointer (user interface).Physically, a mouse consists of an object held in one's hand, with one or more buttons. Mice often also feature other elements, such as touch surfaces and "wheels", which enable additional control and dimensional input.
A computer mouse is a pointing device (hand control) that detects two-dimensional motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of a pointer on a display, which allows a smooth control of the graphical user interface. A computer mouse with the most common standard features: two buttons (left and right) and a scroll wheel,which can also act as a third button.

       Keyboard

      Keyboard is the item of computer hardware. A computer keyboard is a typewriter-style device which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys to act as a mechanical lever or electronic switch. Following the decline of punch cards and paper tape, interaction via teleprinter-style keyboards became the main input device for computers.
The standard US Qwerty keyboard has 101, 104 or 107 keys. Of those keys they can (by default) produce 96 unique characters. Additional characters can sometimes be produced using "alt codes" but support is not standard nor guaranteed. Hold Alt type [3 digit or 4 digit number] release alt.

Main memory

Main memory

The computer can manipulate only data that is in main memory. Therefore, every program you execute and every file you access must be copied from a storage device into main memory.

Main memory are two types. Types are following. 

1. ROM(Read only memory)
2. RAM(Random access memory)

1. ROM

sample(9)

               ROM stand for read only memory .ROM is a type of storage medium that permanently stores data on personal computers (PCs) and other electronic devices. It contains the programming needed to start a PC, which is essential for boot-up; it performs major input/output tasks and holds programs or software instructions.

The types of ROM are following.

1. EROM
2. EPROM
3. EEPROM
4. FLASH EEPROM

2. RAM

              RAM stand for random access memory . RAM  is the place in a computing device where the operating system (OS), application programs and data in current use are kept so they can be quickly reached by the device's processor. RAM is much faster to read from and write to than other kinds of storage in a computer, such as a hard disk drive (HDD), solid-state drive (SSD) or optical drive. Data remains in RAM as long as the computer is running. When the computer is turned off, RAM loses its data. When the computer is turned on again, the OS and other files are once again loaded into RAM, usually from an HDD or SSD .

The types of RAM are following.

1. STATIC RAM
2. DYNAMIC RAM

components of computer

A video explanation components of computer

explain easy method.

watch and comment for more information.

Central Processing Unit(CPU)

sample(1)

Central Processing Unit(CPU)

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the part of a  computer system that is commonly referred to as the "brains" of a computer. The CPU is also known as the processor (intel) or microprocessor (AMD). The CPU is responsible for executing a sequence of stored instructions called a program.

sample(2)

CPU is the electronic machine within a computer that carries out the instruction of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions. The term has been used in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s .Traditionally, the term CPU refers to a processor, more specifically to its processing unit and control unit (CU), distinguishing these core elements of a computer from external components such as main memory and I/O circuitry